Ionospheric D Layer absorption attenuates radio signals, mainly below 10 MHz. Here is how it is caused and when. Read more

You have probably heard people talk about ionosphere virtual height. What is it and why is it important for HF propagation? Read more

So, how exactly do oblique radio rays bend as they transit the ionosphere and return to earth? Let’s find out. Read more

Radio wave refraction depends on density of free electrons and frequency. Skip distance is tied to refractive index and height. Read more

Let’s understand radio waves, and how they behave is different media including solid wire, free space and plasma. Read more

Let’s do a level set on basic HF radio propagation through the ionosphere and around the world. Read more

My radio propagation explorations have driven me to understand more about how this wonderful phenomena actually works. Read more